Introduction

  

  • Modern science is based on simple binary logic, i.e. direct or indirect proportionality between two (sets of) variable properties or phenomena of whatever kind. This means that modern science is able to solve simple binary problems, which nevertheless can be very complicated, but not polyfactorial com-plex ones.
  • However, throughout the 20th century relativity theory, quantum mechanics, chaos and complexity theory, biology, psychology, sociology, economics, etc., yielded many convincing arguments that nature is not simply, but complexly ordered. Due to that it is generally accepted now that galaxies, ecological systems, climates, micro-organisms, plants and animals, neural networks, social systems, molecules, atoms and even energetic quanta may be genuinely complex phenomena.
  • In line with Kant's intuition it was assumed that space and time are no concrete entities, as Einstein thought of space, but abstract mental concepts that order our immediate or actual, i.e. spatial, and former and future virtual, i.e. temporal, sense-perceptions of natural phenomena.
  • It was investigated by means of a logic thought experiment (1) whether or not complex order differs fundamentally from simple order, (2) how complex knowledge can emerge from axiomatic, basic, simple and/or less complex knowledge, (3) whether human language is appropriate to describe nature's intrinsic complexity adequately, and (4) how modern scientific method may be improved in order to be able to analyze and solve genuinely complex problems (see also: hypotheses, science & general conclusions).

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